噬菌体在奶牛乳腺炎病原菌防控中的研究进展与应用前景

Research Progress and Application Prospects of Bacteriophages in the Prevention and Control of Pathogenic Bacteria Causing Bovine Mastitis

中文关键词: 关键词:奶牛乳腺炎  耐药菌  噬菌体  抗生素替代  精准防控

英文关键词: Key words:bovinemastitis  drug-resistantbacteria  bacteriophages  antibioticalternatives  targeted preventionandcontrol

中文摘要:

      奶牛乳腺炎是当前奶牛养殖业中发病率最高、造成经济损失最严重的疾病之一，尤其是耐药性病原菌的广泛传播，显著削弱了传统抗生素的治疗效果，威胁乳品质量与公共卫生安全。噬菌体作为一种可特异性裂解细菌的天然病毒，因其靶向性强、生物膜穿透能力强、无抗药残留等特点，在乳腺炎防控中展现出良好的应用前景。文章在概述乳腺炎常见致病菌耐药现状与传播风险的基础上，系统梳理了噬菌体的裂解机制、生物学特性及其在奶牛乳腺炎防控中的研究进展与应用实践，并进一步探讨其在宿主谱狭窄、细菌抗噬性、剂型稳定性等方面面临的关键挑战及人工智能辅助筛选、基因工程改造、递送系统优化等方面的技术突破路径。在 “后抗生素时代” 背景下，噬菌体有望成为替代抗生素的绿色防控手段，为 “无抗奶业” 的构建提供理论基础。

英文摘要:

      Abstract：Bovine mastitis remains one of the most prevalent and economically devastating diseases in the dairy industry, particularly the widespread transmission of antibiotic-resistant pathogens has significantly compromised the efficacy of traditional antibiotic treatments posing threats to milk quality and public health. Bacteriophages as natural viruses capable of specifically lysing bacteria demonstrate promising potential in mastitis prevention and control due to their high specificity, potent biofilm-degrading capabilities, and lack of residual drug resistance. Based on an overview of the current status of antimicrobial resistance and transmission risks among common mastitis-causing pathogens, this article systematically reviews the lytic mechanisms and biological characteristics of bacteriophages, along with research advances and their applications in the prevention and control of bovine mastitis. It further addresses key challenges such as narrow host range, bacterial resistance to phage predation, and formulation stability, while exploring technological pathways for breakthroughs, including AI-assisted screening, gene engineering modifications, and delivery system optimization. In the context of the post-antibiotic era, bacteriophages hold considerable promise as environmentally sustainable alternatives to antibiotics, offering a theoretical and practical framework for advancing toward an antibiotic-free dairy industry.