不同处理条件对冬季牛粪堆肥效果的影响

Effects of Different Treatment Conditions on Composting of Cow Manure in Winter

中文关键词: 关键词：牛粪  好氧堆肥  微生物菌剂  冬季

英文关键词: Key words:cow manure  aerobic composting  microbial agent  winter

中文摘要:

      以牛粪为试验对象，探讨不同微生物菌剂、场地和辅料等对牛粪堆肥发酵过程的影响。研究共设计 5 个试验组进行详细观测，A 组（牛粪 + 菌剂 1）、B 组（牛粪 + 菌剂 2）在室内进行，C 组在室外发酵，发酵的前 25 天为牛粪 + 菌剂 1，第 25 天时细分为 C1 组（牛粪 + 菌剂 1 + 鸭茅）、C2 组（牛粪 + 菌剂 1 + 非洲狗尾草）和 C3 组（牛粪 + 菌剂 1）。分别在堆肥发酵 7、21 和 50d 时进行翻堆，在发酵 15d 覆盖透明塑料薄膜（试验 C1 组、C2 组、C3 组在发酵 25d 覆膜），直至发酵 80d 时移除。分别于堆体发酵 1、25、90 和 120d 时对各试验组取样，进行全氮、全磷、全钾、有机质、pH 检测。结果显示：①在室内试验中，A 组和 B 组堆体经历了 3 次升温阶段和 1 次高温阶段，A 组堆体平均温度为 53.19℃，最高温度 54.38℃；B 组堆体平均温度为 49.78℃，最高温度 52.79℃。发酵至 120d 时，A 组比 B 组的全氮含量高 0.16%，全磷含量高 0.15%，全钾含量低 0.52%，有机质含量低 4.28%，说明菌剂 1 的堆肥效果优于菌剂 2。②室内 A 组、B 组堆体的温度显著高于室外 C 组，C 组最高温度为 39.17℃，未触及高温期。与发酵 1d 相比，发酵 25d 时，A 组全氮含量上升 0.50%，全磷含量增加 0.12%，全钾含量降低 0.09%，有机质含量减少 4.60%；C 组全氮含量上升 0.06%，全磷含量增加 0.04%，全钾含量上升 0.12%，有机质含量减少 0.54%，表明室内堆肥效果更佳。③堆肥发酵过程中，C1 组、C2 组堆体温度变化不明显，未经历明显的升温期、高温期及降温期，C3 组经历 1 次升温。与发酵 25d 相比，试验结束时 C1 组全氮含量增加 0.01%，C2 组、C3 组全氮含量分别降低 0.16% 和 0.24%；此外，全磷含量分别增加 0.07%、0.15% 和 0.15%，全钾含量分别减少 0.63%、0.95% 和 0.51%，有机质含量分别减少 8.72%、7.23% 和 7.02%，C3 组发酵效果略优。④冬季低温条件下，堆体覆盖透明塑料薄膜后温度变化不明显，在堆肥发酵 80d 移除透明塑料薄膜时外部环境气温已逐渐上升，A 组、B 组、C3 组的堆体温度亦显著上升，这表明冬季以及覆盖塑料薄膜并不利于堆肥发酵进程，而适宜的环境温度才能明显促进发酵。

英文摘要:

      Abstract：This study investigated the specific effects of different factors - including microbial inoculants, auxiliary materials, etc. on the composting and fermentation process of cow manure. We designed five experimental groups for detailed observation. In the indoor experiment, Group A (cow manure + microbial agent 1) and Group B (cow manure + microbial agent 2) were compared. In the outdoor experiment, within the first 25 days of composting fermentation, there was only one experimental group C (cow manure + microbial agent 1). At the 25th day, group C was subdivided into three groups: Group C1 (cow manure + microbial agent 1 + orchardgrass), Group C2 (cow manure + microbial agent 1 + African foxtail grass) and Group C3 (cow manure + microbial agent 1). Compost piles were turned on days 7, 21, and 50. The plastic transparent film of the greenhouse was covered on day 15 (day 25 for C1, C2 and C3, the film was covered on day 25), and removed on day 80. Samples were collected on days 1, 25, 90, and 120 to determine total nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, moisture content and pH. The results showed that: ①In the indoor experiments, both Group A and Group B compost piles experienced three heating phases and one high-temperature phase. Group A had an average temperature of 53.19℃, and a peak of 54.38℃, while Group B averaged 49.78℃ with a peak of 52.79℃. After 120 days of fermentation, Group A showed higher total nitrogen (+0.16%) and phosphorus (+0.15%) than Group B, but lower potassium (-0.52%) and organic matter content (-4.28%). These results suggest that microbial agent 1 promotes superior composting performance. ②The temperatures of the indoor Group A and Group B were significantly higher than those of the outdoor Group C. The highest temperature in Group C was 39.17℃, and it did not reach the high-temperature period. Compared to 1 day of fermentation, at 25 days of fermentation, the total nitrogen content in Group A increased by 0.50%, the total phosphorus content increased by 0.12%, the total potassium content decreased by 0.09%, and the organic matter content decreased by 4.60%. While in Group C, the total nitrogen content increased by 0.06%, the total phosphorus content increased by 0.04%, the total potassium content increased by 0.12%, and the organic matter content decreased by 0.54%. This indicates that the indoor composting effect was better. ③During the composting process, the temperature of the compost piles in Group C1 and C2 did not change significantly, and they did not experience a distinct heating period, high-temperature period, or cooling period. Group C3 experienced one heating period. Compared with the 25th day, the total nitrogen content of Group C1 increased by 0.01% at the end of the experiment, while that of Groups C2 and C3 decreased by 0.16% and 0.24% respectively. Additionally, the total phosphorus content increased by 0.07%, 0.15%, and 0.15% respectively, and the total potassium content decreased by 0.63%, 0.95%, and 0.51% respectively. The organic matter content decreased by 8.72%, 7.23%, and 7.02% respectively. The composting effect of Group C3 was slightly better. ④Under low-temperature in winter the application of transparent plastic film had limited impact on compost temperature. After the transparent plastic film was removed on days 80 of composting fermentation, the external environmental temperature was also gradually rising. The pile temperatures of Group A, Group B, and Group C3 showed significant increases at this time. These findings indicate that cold conditions in winter and plastic film coverage are unfavorable for compost fermentation, while moderate external temperatures substantially enhance microbial activity and fermentation efficiency.